In consultation with Federico Faggin and MIT's Tom Knight, I mentally prepared myself for reverse-engineering the 4004 "the old-fashioned way," by photographing the metal layer through a microscope, and then etching that top layer away to reveal the polysilicon layer, photographing that, and using enlargements of these photomicrographs to meticulously transcribe every transistor and wire.Meanwhile I continued to develop the ROM reader, periodically sending Brian and Barry my results to see if the binary data I was extracting yielded valid 4004 code. MCS-4 (Microcomputer Set 4) was the name Intel gave to the 4004 chip family for its commercial introduction in November 1971. The chip design, implemented with the MOS silicon gate technology, started in April 1970, and was created by Federico Faggin who led the project from beginning to completion in 1971. "Around the same time I started looking for vintage software to run on the giant 4004 replica. 4004 Instruction Set Format A. Maine Instructions. 4004 instruction set consists of 46 instructions: Data moving instructions. We pick up the tale with Robert Noyce, who had co-invented the IC while at Fairchild Semiconductor. At this writing, Intel has agreed to license these documents for non-commercial use.At this time, I was not optimistic about gaining access to schematics or the mask artwork that was used to create the original 4004 wafers, and so I began devising a "Plan B." 1 word instruction - 8-bits requiring 8 clod< periods (instruction cycle).. 2 word instruction - 16-bits requiring 16 clock periods (2 instruction cycles). As you may recall, my chum Chewy is interested in designing and building a 4-bit processor, which he intends to use to teach kids and interested adults how computers work “under the hood” (see “Building a 4-Bit Demonstration Computer” and “Architecting the 4-Bit Chewy Computer”). Each instruction is divided into two four-bit fields. Arithmetic - add, subtract, increment, decrement. The upper 4-bits the OPR field containing operation code. Due to the time multiplexed operation of the system, the 8-bit instruction is fetched 4-bits at a time on two succesive clock periods.
Within a month, they had crafted an instruction-level simulator of the 4004 as well as simulated Busicom hardware, and by January 2006, they had a completely working simulation of the Busicom 141-PF printing calculator.A few weeks later I got word from Tracey Mazur that Intel's legal department would allow us access to the 4004 engineering documents, and Rachel Stewart was offering encouraging news about her research. What could I build out of this "retro," one-gate-per-chip technology? In April 1969, Japan… We would have to find another source.Knowing that robotic "pick-and-place" machines were now the standard way of assembling electronics, and made the whole idea practical to produce, I started thinking.
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